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Unifying concepts in Biology. The cellular basis of life. Chemical constituents, cell structure and function, material exchange with the environment, the role of cell membrane, cellular energy, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, control of cellular activity, cell reproduction and genetic basis of life are the major headings of the course.

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The course content includes evolution and diversity, structure and function at level of organisms, response of the organisms to their biological and physical environments and basic concepts in ecology.

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A condensed (one-semester) course for non-biology students. Offered both semesters.

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A one- semester course designed for engineering students aiming to introduce concepts in molecular and cellular biology such as cells, inheritance and gene expression. Starts with biological molecules and structure, organization of cells, inheritance and evolution.Goes into the central dogma with DNA replication (in cell division), transcription and translation. Finished with more current and complex material as regulation of gene expression, systems biology approaches in biology, cellular differentiation, stem cells and cancer. Several guest lecturers introduce ongoing biological research at the boundary of engineering and computer science.

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Laboratory course in general biology. Use of basic laboratory equipment, the study of cell structures, cellular transport and the examination of cellular processes like mitosis, meiosis, respiration and photosynthesis.

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Fundamental concepts, principles, and applications of biology experimentally. Exploration of evolution and diversity of life forms, fundamentals of population genetics, growth and reproduction of plants, anatomy, and physiology of animals. Methods used in ecological studies and how populations and communities of animals and plants of various taxa are studied. Observing and identifying some microbial life form, simulating evolutionary processes, conducting visual dissections of some life forms on digital platforms. Basic field study techniques used to study animal and plant communities.

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Offered to Elementary Science Education majors. The first of the three course biology series include what is biology, fields of biology brief history of biology, contemporary issues in biology, structure and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; cell division; diversity and classification; plant types, tissues, organs and reproduction; animal diversity general characteristics of invertebrates and vertebrates.

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Structural and functional analysis of the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of the cell with emphasis on the microscopic and submicroscopic structure of muscle, nerve, secretory and sensory cells.

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A course that covers the interaction of organisms with their biological and physical environments. Topics include the ecosystem concepts, environmental requirements of organisms, limiting factors, energy cycles in ecological systems, biogeochemical cycles, and principles of population ecology and community ecology.

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The course content includes the following titles; The role of genetics in health, reproduction, agriculture, and conservation of living resources. Basic principles of inheritance. Mendelian genetics of humans. Genetics of sex. Informational macromolecules, control of gene expression, and misinformation. Genetic diversity, population genetics, and evolution. Genetic engineering. The course intended for non-biology students.

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Statistical methodology in collecting and analyzing biological data. Elementary probability distributions, hypothesis testing, analysis of variance, analysis of frequencies with emphasis on the use of computers in processing data in biological sciences.

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Offered to Elementary Science Education majors. The second of the three course biology series, this course designed to provide basic but comprehensive information on cells, organ and organ systems. The course will start with basics of cell biology, followed by outlines on all major organ systems in animals.

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Offered to Elementary Science Education majors. The third of the three course biology series includes transmission genetics, patterns of inheritance (Mendelian, non-Mendelian), DNA structure and function, mutations, genetic engineering, biotechnology applications, speciation, evolution of populations.

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This course aims to introduce the non-biology students to basic principles of ecology focusing on applied problems related to ecosystems.

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Practice of fundamental staining techniques employed to study cellular and subcellular structures. The techniques include; cytochemical methods, sub-cellular fractionation, cell cultures, karyotyping, and permanent slide preparation.

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This is a compact course of comparative animal physiology with emphasis on the functions of the human body. The course presents a general survey of operation of all physiological systems, their interactions and cooperation to maintain homeostasis and increase individual and species capacity for adaptation to different and variable life conditions.

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During the course, students get acquainted with some electric/electronic equipment frequently used in physiological studies, learn how to handle the laboratory animals, and how to make tissue and organ preparation for physiological recordings. Experiments performed in this course constitute an illustration of concepts and processes described in the theoretical animal physiology course.

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This course is designed to introduce molecular cell biology and genetics concepts to non-biology majors. Topics of the course include introductory cell biology, principles of genetics, human genome project, basics of molecular biology techniques, immune system and cancer.

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A survey of bacterial morphology, biochemistry and physiology with special emphasis on the cultivation, identification and control of microorganisms is intended.

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This course provides the students with a coherent view of molecular genetics from current perspective. Attention is paid to detailed treatment of gene structure and function (such as chemistry of gene, replication, transcription, translation, regulation of gene expression, gene mutation, and viral genetics), and the recent applications of molecular genetics. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic molecular genetics are given equal weight.

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Basic discussion of the structure and properties of biomolecules with special emphasis on carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, enzymatic catalysis, membrane assembly and function. Bioenergetics is also discussed at an introductory level.

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A study of the structural and metabolic relationship of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

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Renewable natural resources that we consume in our daily life are produced either on land or in water ecosystems. Intelligent management and use of these resources are possible only through full understanding of the ecology of these ecosystems. Terrestrial (land) and aquatic (freshwater, marine, and estuarine) ecosystems are discussed in some detail. Urban ecology and the impact of environmental pollution on natural sources are also covered.

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The experiments in this course have been designed to provide the students with basic experience in a wide variety of biochemical research techniques. Chemical and enzymatic analysis are performed using calorimetric, potentiometric, electrophoretic, pectrochometric and chromatographic techniques.

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A comprehensive course on the principles and applications of techniques widely used by biologists. The techniques include; centrifuga tion, chromatography, spectrophotometry, elec trophoresis, and use of radioisotopes and microscopy.

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An introductory course offered to non-Biology students, covering the structure and properties of biomolecules, their interactions, organization of genes on chromosomes, replication and transcription of genetic material, protein synthesis and genetic engineering techniques.

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Explores the metabolic diversification of bacteria and phylogenetic relations. Molecular methods used in systematics of bacteria, major bacterial groups such as proteobacteria (α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ) , Actinobacteria, cyanobacteria, Flavobacteria, Cytophaga, Green sulfur and nonsulfur bacteria, hyperthermophilic bacteria, Deinococci, Nitrospira and so on.
Prerequisite: BIO 303 OR BIO 313 OR FDE 311

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This course provides the students with the basic concepts of classical genetics and with the view of molecular genetics from today`s perspective. General principles of Mendelian Genetics, chromosome theory of inheritance, linkage and mapping, structure and function of genes, gene expression and its regulation, chromosomal aberrations and mutations are covered. Elementary principles that govern developmental, quantitative, behavioral, population and evolutionary genetics are also discussed.

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A laboratory course for 2380 306 and 2380 351. A variety of experimental techniques using Drosophila and bacteria in exploring transmission genetics, gene interactions, linkage and genetic mapping, and molecular genetics are covered. Basic recombinant DNA methods for manipulation of Escherichia coli DNA and human chromosomal DNA are also included.

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This course provides the students with the basic concepts of biochemistry. An introduction to properties of aqueous systems, description of the structure and functions of proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids are covered. Discussions will be made on metabolic reactions of these biomolecules with emphasis on bioenergetics and their regulation, and on the expression and transmission of genetic information.

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Laboratory course for 2380 303.

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An introductory course on plant sciences, which covers mainly the elementary aspects of plant morphology (forms and structures of plant parts), plant physiology (functional processes), plant ecology (relationships between plants and their environment) and plant genetics (inheritance of traits in plants).

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Thirty working day of compulsory summer practice, which should be completed either in biology-related private or government sector.

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A course designed for students who will complete their compulsory summer practice scheme under the Erasmus Summer Practice Mobility Program.

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Development includes all the changes that take place during the entire life of an organism from conception to death. The course covers the analysis of development following the fertilization; the cleavage, embryonic polarization and gastrulation phases, limb development, eye development, and gonad development and sex differentiation.

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The impact of mankind on the biological systems of the planet earth has been accelerated during the recent decades. Many plant and animal species along with thousands of valuable gene combinations are in danger of extinction. This course discusses the factors that threaten natural communities, and presents justifications and principles of conservation of ecosystems and species in maintaining rich biological diversity in our environment.

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A course on the basic concepts of evolution of organisms; theory of natural selection, cosmic evolution and origin of life. The evidence for evolution (from biogeography, taxonomy, comparative anatomy, embryology, biochemistry and palaeontology), the mechanism of evolution (mutation, migration, natural selection, genetic drift) and the speciation process and products of evolution (plants and animals) are the main titles to be covered.

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Introduction to failures of host defense mechanisms, allergy and allergic diseases, autoimmunity, and manipulation of the immune response
Prerequisites: BIO 407

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This course reviews conceptual and experimental approaches of ethnologists, experimental psychologists, and neurophysiologists to studies on animal behavior. Distinction between innate and learned behaviors is made. Control mechanisms over execution of various behaviors (including triggering stimuli, motivation, hormones, biorhythms) are discussed. Survey of such behaviors as spatial orientation and navigation, migration, habitat selection, social organization and communication, mating systems and parental care is presented.

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A survey of the immune system and immunological mechanisms. Students are not only introduced to the field of immunology but are also prepared to benefit from their own life time experiences.

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The main objective of the course is to give biology students information, concerning recent developments and advances made in plant tissue culture and plant biotechnology

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an introductory course presenting short history of neuroscience, and basic conceptual and experimental approaches to studies in different areas of neurobiology including macro and microanatomy of the mammalian central nervous system, cellular and molecular neurobiology, electrophysiology, neural networks operation, and animal behavior. The course will also cover some issues related to developmental and adult neural plasticity, and aging of the brain.

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A general survey of the nature, morphology, classification and genetics of viruses with additional information on host-virus relationship and the viral etiology of cancer.

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This course covers the microorganisms of medical importance, their taxonomic position, general characteristics, and procedures for their cultivation and identification. Immuno diagnostic tests, laboratory tests in chemotherapy and molecular methods in clinical microbiology are also discussed.

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An introductory course which covers the biochemistry of the nervous tissue with emphasis on cell to cell signaling, neurotransmitter action and functions. Detailed molecular mechanisms of action potential generation and propagation, neurotransmitter release and adaptation process, brain biochemistry related to possible mechanisms of learning, memory (LTP), some mental diseases and mode of drug action are the main titles to be discussed.

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This course is intended for non-biology students. The cell as the unit of structure and function, the chemistry of major constituents of the cell; energy generating and synthetic pathways and their regulation and molecular genetics are the main titles to be discussed.

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The main object of the course is to deal with the quantitative analysis of body fluids such as blood and urine. The changes in the composition of body constituents under pathological conditions are discussed.

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The fundamental aspects and underlying principles of biotechnological processes are covered. Pharmaceutical, agricultural, environmental applications are discussed.

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Topics generally considered in population genetics and biology are combined to study processes, which determine the abundance, distribution, composition and evolution of species.

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An introduction to plant physiology with emphasis on basic physiological processes important to man and the biosphere. The role of plants in the acquisition and conservation of matter and energy, growth and development and their control by internal and external factors are discussed.

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Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of sensory coding. visual system and photo transduction. Biochemistry of auditory, olfactory, taste and chemical sensations. The skin senses. Opiates and pain control.

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The theoretical foundations of plant taxonomy and the types of evidences used in constructing plant classification and identification procedures are explained. Variation in morphology, predominant breeding systems, dispersal syndromes and other features between families of vascular plants in Turkish flora are examined. Students learn key characteristics for identification of important families of ferns, allies, conifers and other flowering plants.

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A course dealing with the basic concepts of evolution.The topics to be covered: nature of science and evolution; evolution as science; origin of matter, unviverse and earth; from molecules to cells and organisms; universal tree of life; principles and process of evolution; the origin of selection; natural selection; nature and origin of species; human origins and evolution; culture, religion and evolution.

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This course aims to introduce the students to the vast animal diversity from an evolutionary perspective. Animal groups in systematic order follow a brief theoretical introduction on speciation, zoogeography and taxonomy. Each group is treated in terms of its evolutionary relationship, basic form and function, reproductive biology, basic ecology and relevance to human systems (agriculture, medicine, etc.) Presentations include audio-visual material.

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This course aims to introduce the students to both theoretical and practical aspect of freshwater ecosystems. There will be a brief introduction on properties of water, interactions of freshwater with land and atmosphere, their origins and evaluation of fresh water animals. The course will cover the interactions of chemical, physical and ecological characteristics of freshwater bodies including plankton, aquatic plants, fish and productivity of the edges and bottoms of rivers, their floodplains (including swamps and marshes), lakes, pools and other standing bodies. Theoretical aspects of these will be combined with the field sampling and laboratory analyses.

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The course gives an introduction on bio-entrepreneurship. The students will be introduced with current trends in global bio-business opportunities and knowledge based bio-economy concept. Basics of legal requirements, intellectual property rights, regulatory environment, protection of ideas, funding opportunities to establish star-ups will be introduced. Important ventures in bio-business will be introduced. Business plan preparation and field visits to bio-based business facilities will be conducted.

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This course is designed to teach students some practical methods in plant physiology and biochemistry experiments on bioenergetics, membrane stability, and protein and lipid metabolism under abiotic stress conditions such as salt and drought. Additional experiments on Agrobacteria-mediated gene transfer will be conducted.

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A course on distribution and regulation of major routes of energy supply among microorganisms; Photosynthesis in Cyano bacteria and anoxygenic photographic bacteria, Halobacterial photophosphorylation, carbon dioxide metabolism in nonphototrophic autotrophs and heterotrophs. Microbial metabolism of hydrogen, oxidation of iron and sulfur compounds, Methylotrophs and methanogens are discussed. Applications in biotechnology are also mentioned with reference to each physiological group.

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The course covers interactions among microbial populations, interactions of microbes with plants and animals, microbial communities, detection of microbial populations, habitats of microorganisms, ecology of aquatic microorganisms. The biotechnological aspects of microbial ecology such as microbial interactions with xenobiotics and inorganic pollutants, as well as approaches to bioremediation are included.

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A course offered to senior students, focusing on terrestrial ecological methodology. Topics include measuring abiotic factors, use of maps and GIS, collecting and preserving specimens, using radio-telemetry, estimating abundance by mark-capture, and through quadrat and transect counts and estimating community parameters. Students are expected to work as a team on small projects in the field.

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The course covers the basic aspects of plant biotechnology. Particular emphasis will be given to: Manipulation of energy production pathways in plants, environmental factors affecting the overall system and crop productivity, plant growth and development in vitro, plant cell and tissue culture, cloning and somatic cell genetics, conventional and biotechnology supported plant breeding, techniques of transferring foreign genes into plants (Agrobacterium, particle bombardment, etc.), practical application of transgenic plant technology for plant health, human/animal health and nutrition, biosafety aspects of transgenic plants. The future of plant biotechnology will be also covered.

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A course for senior students, emphasizing adaptive morphology and behavior of birds. Lectures cover various aspects of the biology of birds, including morphology, physiology, systematic, evolution, behavior, ecology, and biogeography, with examples from the regional avifauna. Laboratory and fieldwork include studies of skeletons and plumages, teaching basic identification skills and field work (censusing, recording behavior, breeding ecology) on common species.

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Research project carried out under the supervision of a staff member. Offered to 4th year students with a cumulative average of 3.00 or above.

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Applications of ecological principles and knowledge to environmental problems, such as terrestrial and environmental pollution, conservation, population regulation and biodiversity are the main titles to be covered.

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This course is designed to provide the student with an overview of the basic structure and function of wetlands, controlling factors for their distribution and community composition, major environmental problems worldwide, appropriate management techniques, and developing approaches for their utilization and conservation. Particular emphasis will be placed on understanding relationship and changes along gradients of wetlands hydrology, biogeochemistry, and different group of species including bacteria, plants and animals.
Prerequisite: Consent of the department.

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Understanding the complex mechanisms of cell cycle regulation. Main topics include genetic analysis of cell cycle, checkpoints, mitosis and programmed cell death mechanisms.

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Program of research leading to M.S. degree, arranged between students and a faculty member. Students register to this course in all semesters starting from the beginning of their second semester while the research program or thesis writing is in progress.(F&S)*

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Presentation of topics of general interest, current research activities and recent developments in biological sciences and related fields by graduate students, staff members and invited speakers.(F)*

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Graduate students prepare a compilation of research articles on topic of interest in their field of study and present. Students may also include results and progresses of their own research. Presentations are followed by discussions among the faculty members and graduate students attending the seminars. (F/S)

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(See also BCH 503) Intensive study of the metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, lipids and nitrogenous compounds and their interrelationships, including control mechanisms. The effects of hormonal and nutritional status on the activity of these major pathways.(S)*

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Effects of radiation on biological systems. The types of radiation, radiation chemistry of water, effects of radiation on biopolymers and on living systems.

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A general survey of the biochemistry of nervous tissues with special emphasis on the functions and mechanisms of action of neurotransmitters and on neurotransmitter receptors. Brain biochemistry as related to possible mechanisms underlying mental illness and the mode of drug action.(R)*

Course Content

(See also BCH 510) Biochemistry of basic elements of natural (mammalian, plant and bacterial) and reconstituted membranes (liposomes, black lipid membranes). Techniques used in the study of membranes. Topics in cell biology and physiology, structure -function relationships of membranes depending on lipid fluidity, membrane fusion, cell recognition, hormone- receptor interactions, enzyme activities and transport phenomena.(R)*

Course Content

(See also BCH 512) Solution of numerical problems in biochemistry involving acid-base chemistry, blood buffers, chemistry of biological molecules, enzymes, biochemical energetics, spectrophotometry, isotopes and scintillation counting.(R)*

Course Content

The multidisciplinary subject of biomedical application of materials obtained from natural and synthetic sources. Solid properties, various materials used in biomaterials, tissue-material interactions, in situ, in vitro and in vivo application methods and sterilization are discussed. Important soft and hard tissue applications involving tissue engineering, drug delivery, implant design, and imaging are discussed with special emphasis on bio and synthetic polymers. (S/WE)*

Course Content

Aims and principles of numerical taxonomy. The choice and definition of taxonomic characters. The estimation of taxonomic resemblance between organisms and the clustering of organisms into taxa on the basis of these resemblance. A survey of the application of numerical taxonomy to fields other than biological systematic.(R)*

Course Content

The statistical techniques applicable in biological research. Emphasis will be given on the use of computers in biological sciences. Data in biology, descriptive statistic, elementary probability distributions, estimation and hypothesis testing, analysis of variance, regression, correlation and certain non-parametric tests are the topics covered. (Compulsory for Ph.D. students) (S/WE)*

Course Content

Basic biochemical and molecular aspects of conjugation reactions and the conjugases. The glucuronidation, sulfation, acetylation, O-, N-, S- methylation, amino acid and glutathione conjugation reactions with emphasis on enzymological, metabolic, biological pharmacological and molecular biological concepts.(R)*

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This course is concerned with the statistical consequences of Mendelian inheritance in populations of organisms. Hardy-Weinberg Principle, linkage disepuilibrium, genetic drift, inbreeding, mutation and neutral theory, natural selection, migration, molecular population genetics, ecological genetics and speciation are discussed.

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Science of genetics. Genetic constitution of a population, changes of gene frequencies, quantitative inheritance, analyses of quantitative characteristics, heritability, artificial selection, inbreeding and partitioning of variance.(R)*

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A research oriented laboratory course.(R)*

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Recent revolutionary advances in recombinant DNA technology. Basic principles of gene manipulation and its various applications.(R/WE)*

Course Content

DNA repair processes per se, and its relations with mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, aging and the hereditary DNA repair defects in humans. (R)*

Course Content

(See also BCH 543) A laboratory course concerned with biochemical and molecular aspects of enzyme function. Purification and characterization of the enzymes, optimization of the enzyme assays, simple enzyme kinetics, spectrophotometry, SDs-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).(AF)*

Course Content

Gene expression with a structural and mechanistic understanding. Control mechanisms at the transcriptional level, in prokaryotes, and at the levels of messenger RNA processing and translation, in eukaryotes. The metabolic activities concerned with the regulation of gene's potential for expression. Review and discussion of various topics in recent articles.(R)*

Course Content

Upon completion of the course students will gain insight on developments in the instrumentation and use of fluorescence labels. They will be familiarized with the applications of the new fluorescence dyes and proteins to biological samples. Review of case studies of new methods such as single molecule detection in living cells, fluorescence energy transfer techniques to identify protein-protein interactions and fluorescent biosensors will help students excel in this developing field.

Course Content

Classification, synthesis and transformation of biopolymers (polynucleotides, polypeptides and polysaccharides). Merrifield solid state synthesis. Classification, synthesis and transformation of synthetic macromolecules. Chemical and biological transformation. Solution behavior, helix-coil transition. Structure, morphology and properties of biological polymers in the solid state. Single crystal formation. Applications in Biomedicine and Biotechnology.(S/WE)*

Course Content

Governing mechanisms in shallow lakes; light, sedimentation and resuspension, nutrient dynamics; biotic factors: phytoplankton, trophic cascades, vegetation. Managing and restoration eutrophic shallow lakes; nutrient management, biomanipulation, hydrological adjustment.

Course Content

Advanced theoretical aspects of freshwater ecology, impact of land and water use on lakes, interaction between physical, chemical and biological components of freshwater lakes, eutrophication, global changes, and biodiversity of the organisms.

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An advance endocrine and metabolic disorders course with emphasis on biochemistry and molecular biology; illustrations are drawn from human biology. Provide graduate students an understanding of current research in metabolic disease mechanisms.

Course Content

General Ethics and philosophy, Bioethics, GeneEthics, Biotechnology and Ethics, Case studies, Cloning, Reproduction, Aging and death, Genetic testing and engineering. Future of Bioethics (Stem cell research), About Research (research types), Research Design, Data Collection, Data Analysis, Conclusion, Guidelines of Ethics and YÖK rules.

Course Content

Basic theory, instrumentation and recent research applications of spectroscopic techniques in biological macromolecules and biological membranes.(R/WE)*

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A course to explore the mechanisms by which new species arise. Topics include: what are species, what role do they may play in diversification, what can we learn about speciation and about evolution from genetics of reproductive isolation, primary modes of speciation, possible consequence of secondary contact between incipient species.

Course Content

Life and the physical environment. Response to physical environment. Climate, topography and the diversity in the natural environment. Population interactions. The structure and the functioning of ecological communities. Energy flow in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Species extinction and their causes.(F)*

Course Content

Origins and the present status of ecosystem concept, ecological niche, competitive exclusion principle, and ecological succession.(S)*

Course Content

The basis of plant taxonomy; cytogenetics; phytogeography, structural botany biosystematics and evolutionary theory, causes of plant variation, nomenclature, ecotypes, genetic isolation and hybridization, modes of speciation, breeding systems in plant populations and modern techniques in plant systematics. Extensive field and herbarium studies.

Course Content

This course aims to introduce the post graduate students to eutrophication problems and the restoration measures which have been taken to ensure high water quality in lake ecosystems. The course will cover the characteristics and symptoms of eutrophication in deep and shallow lakes. The emphasis will be given to the factors affecting the degree of water quality deterioration by eutrophication and qualifying the nutrients load. (R)*

Course Content

This course gives a multidisciplinary approach, with an emphasis on the interface of ecology, genetics, physiology, and the study of behavior and development, and evolutionary processes. Application of information from molecular biology to the organismic and higher levels of organization. Major topics in this interdisciplinary course include the concept of stress and its evolutionary and ecological importance; genetic variation in stress response and the effects of stress on genetic variation; costs and benefits involving stress responses. (R)*

Course Content

Overview of the approaches to bioactive agent administration and systems used in the targeting and delivery of biologically active materials and their fate in the body. Carriers such as liposomes, colloidal carriers, membranes, biodegradable systems, are to be covered. Approaches to genetic material delivery relevant with gene therapy and various anticancer, pain relief, antibiotic administration are discussed using current literature.

Course Content

The most important and novel topics of the biomaterials field are studied in the form of discussion using the latest literature: Testing of biomaterials, biostability, mechanisms of degradation, bio-and hemocompatibility of materials, sterilization of biomedical devices, cell-biomaterial interactions, drug delivery via biodegradable vehicles, hard and soft tissue augmentation, implants, dental applications and bone cements, tissue engineering, biomedical instrumentation and imaging.

Course Content

This course aims to introduce the major themes and concepts of the diverse and dynamic field of conservation biology within the context of plant biodiversity conservation. the course will cover the principles which characterise plant diversity conservation in relation with the application of basic conservation principles to the understanding and resolution of plant biodiversity conservation by means of in-situ and ex-situ practices. This course also covers management issues, monitoring and modelling of biodiversity, endangered threatened species recovery programs, restoration practices, reserve designs for effective plant biodiversity conservation, as well as ethical and philosophical aspects of plant biodiversity conservation.

Course Content

The first part of the course provides an overview of the current knowledge of the living world and various problems associated with its conservation, utilization and management for sustainability. In the second part, the habitat conservation approach and landscape ecology concept for sustainable natural resource management are discussed with selected systems such as mountain, agriculture and forest resources, important watersheds and riparian systems. The third part of course is devoted to the Turkish biodiversity and natural resources management activities and current issues in Turkey. In the last part of the course, the challenging current and future issues of natural resource management and utilization are tackled.

Course Content

Program of research leading to Ph.D. degree, arranged between student a faculty member. Students registered to this course in all semesters starting from the beginning of their fifth semester while the research program or writing of thesis is in progress.

Course Content

Students pursuing Ph.D. degree prepare a compilation of research articles on topic of interest in their field of study and present. Students may also include results and progresses of their own research. Presentations are followed by discussions among the faculty members and graduate students attending the seminars. (F/S)*

Course Content

Courses not listed in catalogue. Contents vary from year to year according to interest of students and the instructor in charge. Typical contents include Cell Biology, Endocrinology, Developmental Biology, Quantitative Genetics, Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, Neuroscience, Plant Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Current Issues in Microbiology etc.(R)

Course Content

Courses not listed in catalogue. Contents vary from year to year according to interest of students and the instructor in charge. Typical contents include Cell Biology, Endocrinology, Developmental Biology, Quantitative Genetics, Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, Neuroscience, Plant Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Current Issues in Microbiology etc.(R)*

Course Content

Courses not listed in catalogue. Contents vary from year to year according to interest of students and the instructor in charge. Typical contents include Cell Biology, Endocrinology, Developmental Biology, Quantitative Genetics, Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, Neuroscience, Plant Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Current Issues in Microbiology etc.(R)*

Course Content

Courses not listed in catalogue. Contents vary from year to year according to interest of students and the instructor in charge. Typical contents include Cell Biology, Endocrinology, Developmental Biology, Quantitative Genetics, Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, Neuroscience, Plant Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Current Issues in Microbiology etc.(R)*

Course Content

Courses not listed in catalogue. Contents vary from year to year according to interest of students and the instructor in charge. Typical contents include Cell Biology, Endocrinology, Developmental Biology, Quantitative Genetics, Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, Neuroscience, Plant Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Current Issues in Microbiology etc.(R)*

Course Content

Courses not listed in catalogue. Contents vary from year to year according to interest of students and the instructor in charge. Typical contents include Cell Biology, Endocrinology, Developmental Biology, Quantitative Genetics, Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, Neuroscience, Plant Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Current Issues in Microbiology etc.(R)*

Course Content

Courses not listed in catalogue. Contents vary from year to year according to interest of students and the instructor in charge. Typical contents include Cell Biology, Endocrinology, Developmental Biology, Quantitative Genetics, Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, Neuroscience, Plant Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Current Issues in Microbiology etc.(R)*

Course Content

Courses not listed in catalogue. Contents vary from year to year according to interest of students and the instructor in charge. Typical contents include Cell Biology, Endocrinology, Developmental Biology, Quantitative Genetics, Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, Neuroscience, Plant Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Current Issues in Microbiology etc.(R)*

Course Content

PLANT BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Course Content

Mechanism of oxygen activation in biological systems. Fundamental concepts on oxidases and oxygenases. Mechanism of action of dioxygenases, and monooxygenases. Special emphasis will be given on human enzymes including flavin containing monooxygenases, cytochrome P450- and cytochrome b5-dependent monooxygenases and nitric oxide synthase. Their importance in health and disease. Their structure, active sites, endogenous and exogenous substrates, structure-activity relationships, membrane topology, isomeric forms, molecular biology, gene structures and control mechanisms. Functions in human biochemistry including cholesterol, steroid hormone and vitamin synthesis and degradation, in drug metabolism and chemical carcinogenesis. The course includes lectures and discussions of recent journal articles.

Course Content

A course for graduate students, aimed to improve their grasp of the underlying theory for ecological techniques, especially on sample size determination, sampling and experimental design, mark-recapture studies, as well as advanced technical approaches such as radio telemetry and GIS. Each student is expected to run an individual or group-based small scale research project in the field and present the results in a student symposium.

Course Content

This course is designed to convey comprehensive knowledge on the molecular building blocks, i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids, their structures, interactions, biological properties, origins, evolution together with impacts on molecular medicine, at a level suitable for graduate level students. Techniques with a focus on modern methods used in structural and functional analysis of nucleic acids and proteins and current approaches and applications of protein engineering with model cases will also be covered.

Course Content

This course will investigate how hormones function in the brain to regulate physiology and behavior. Particular emphasis is placed on neuropeptides and also more details on the organization and operation of different hypothalamus-pituitary-endocrine gland axes will be presented.

Course Content

Basic concepts for conservation area planning; stakeholders and their involvement; data gathering and assessment; data improving though modeling; choosing surrogates; establishing targets and goals; review of existing conservation areas, incorporating costs; site prioritization using rarity and complementarity; assessment of selected sites; implementation and monitoring. Case studies from Turkey and abroad will be provided.

Course Content

General diversity of bacteria within freshwater environment. Use of taxonomic, biochemical, and molecular methods for the characterization of freshwater bacteria. Genetic interactions between freshwater bacterial populations. Diversity of metabolic activities, productivity, community structures and interactions with phytoplanktons.

Course Content

Sampling of recent sediment for past ecosystem structure, dating. Sediment as source of biological information about the recent past of lake ecosystem, biological proxies in lake ecosystems. Botanical proxies: diatoms, pigments, plants, pollens. Zoological proxies: chironomids, cladocera, ostracods. Recent sedimentary biological data analysis for inferring the past ecosystem structure using transfer function: Graphical display of data, exploratory data analysis, Classification, zonation, and Ordination.

Course Content

Introduction to curent protocols in immunology, principles of experimental design to study an immunology related problem, introduction to animal models of infectious, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases , animal models of transplantation and tumor immunology.Isolation of lymphoid cells from human and murine tissues and blood, principles of flow cytometry and its applications, proliferation and cytotoxicity assays, tetramer staining methods, ELISA, ELISPOT and cytometric bead array and adoptive cell transfer are among the major techniques what will be covered

Course Content

Identification and determination of catchment and lake morphometric properties, measurements and estimation of hydrological parameter (discharge of inflows, lake level, retention time), practising in situ physical and chemical parameters measurement techniques, water sampling for laboratory analyses of nutrients and major ions (total phosphorous, soluble reactive phosphate, nitrate, ammonium and chlorophyll-a) and plankton, practising laboratory analytical techniques for nutrients and major ions, identification of phytoplankton and zooplankton, fishing, determining macrophyte coverage, retrieving sediment covers and analysis.

Course Content

Fundamental and novel research findings on coding and non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, piwiRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, transcriptional and translational control of RNAi elements and RNA binding proteins.

Course Content

-Sensing, amplification, and integration of extracellular signals in hypothalamo-hypohseal-gonadel axis
-Generation of cellular responses
-Integration of cellular responses
-Changes in enzyme activities,gene expressions and protein properties that affect cellular proliferation,growth,motility and death.
-Deregulation of integrated signaling circuits that lead to pathologies.

Course Content

-Increasing the functional diversity of proteins through post-translational modifications (PTM).
-Protein splicing,glycosylation,phosphorylation,methylation,acetylation,ubiquitination as examples of PTMs
-Mechanisms of alterations in structure,stability,function,localization and degradation of proteins within the cell
-Integrated effects of PTMs on protein functions
-Deregulation of PTMS and emergences of pathologies

Course Content

R is a programming language widely used in biological research. This hands-on course will cover:
The basics of computer algorithms, R grammar, graphic;
Statistical methods including ANOVa, regression, multivariate and Bayesian methods as implemented in R;
Genomic, population genetic, transcriptomic and ecological data analysis tools using custom functios and/or specialized packages in R/Bioconducter.
Through the course, the students will develop skills to access, manipulate and efficiently analyze large-scale biological data.

Course Content

Theoretical and applied issues of community ecology, biodiversity, biogeography, evolution and conservation, ecological processes, metacommunity dynamics; niche and neutral theory; species interactions (competition, predation, food webs) and species coexistence; and effects of human-mediated environmental change.

Course Content

Neurobiology of the most common neurodegenerative diseases (molecular, cellular, genetic, and developmental mechanisms underlying the diseases), Current basic, translational, and clinical research efforts focusing on the diseases, Current experimental approaches used in the field.

Course Content

New and emerging themes in immunology and cell biology with an emphasis on the mechanism of action of recently identified nucleic acid recognition receptors and second messengers. Topics include: cytosolic RNA and DNA sensors, mitochondrial stress and DNA damage related immune responses, gap junctions and their role in host defense, recent advances in inflammasome biology, newly identified cyclic dinucleotide based second messengers and their role in host defense, importance of exonucleases in health and disease, the mystries of vault particles.

Course Content

The course is constructed from seminars that will be organised by Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. The seminars will cover technical, cultural, social and educational issues to prepare the graduate students following the PhD programs.

Course Content

INTERNATIONAL STUDENT PRACTICE

Course Content

INTERNATIONAL GRADUATE STUDENT PRACTICE