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This course is designed to familiarize the first year students with the fundamental aspects of petroleum engineering: introduction to engineering, petroleum exploration, major concepts of drilling, production and reservoir engineering, historical background of petroleum industry, worldwide sources of petroleum, companies and societies in petroleum industry as well as relevant environmental, health, safety and ethical issues.

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Definitions and fluid properties. Fluid statics. Fluid-flow phenomena. The Bernoulli equation. Laminar and turbulent pipe flows. Transportation and metering of fluids.

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Properties of fluids encountered in petroleum engineering. Phase behavior, density, viscosity, interfacial tension, and composition of oil, gas and brine systems. PVT relationships of hydrocarbon gas and liquid systems. Thermodynamic behavior of naturally occurring hydrocarbon mixtures; evaluation and correlation of physical properties of petroleum reservoir fluids, including laboratory and empirical methods. Interpreting lab data for engineering applications. Flash calculations.

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Petrophysical properties of reservoir rocks and measurement procedures: Coring and core handling; sandstone and carbonate reservoir rock and pore types; fundamental porosity, grain density, permeability and saturation properties; special core analysis such as mechanical, acoustic and electrical properties; multiphase rock and fluid interactions, interfacial tension, capillary pressure, wettability and relative permeability properties.

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A minimum of four weeks (20 working days) of Summer Practice is obligatory to fulfill the requirements for the B.Sc. degree. The first practice is preferred to be in drilling operations after the second year. The training is based on the content of the summer practice manual.

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Historical development of petroleum legislation. General principles in petroleum law. Rules and regulations in the Middle Eastern countries.

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Drilling machinery: hole and equipment. Drilling fluids and hydraulics. Cementing and hydraulics. Drill off tests (bit performances). Pressure control.

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Directional drilling (Tangential, ROC and Minimum Curvature Methods). Drill string design (neutral point of tension and compression, neutral point of bending, Lubinski`s stresses, margin of over pull). Casing design (biaxial, triaxial). Casing setting (buckling and well head loads).

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Drill stem testing, well completion methods, completion fluids and sand control. Perforating, well head equipment and flow control devices, production packers, oil and gas separators. Flowing well performance, sucker rod pumping, submersible electrical centrifugal pumping, well stimulation techniques; acidizing, hydraulic fracturing.

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Methods of artificial lifting. Selection of equipment and artificial lift methods. Preparation of tubing intake curves for artificial lift systems. Design of electric submersible, gas lifting, hydraulic, jet, beam and plunger lift pumps. Pumping methods for unloading of gas wells.

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Estimation of hydrocarbon pore volume and recovery factor. Classification of oil reservoirs. Reservoir performance prediction for solution gas drive, water drive, gas-cap drive, drainage and combination drive reservoirs using material balance approach. Water influx theory. Water and gas coning in oil producing formations. Characterization of fractured reservoirs. Decline Curve Analysis.

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Estimation of hydrocarbon pore volume and recovery factor. Classification of oil reservoirs. Reservoir performance prediction for solution gas drive, water drive, gas-cap drive, drainage and combination drive reservoirs using material balance approach. Decline Curve Analysis. Water influx theory. Water and gas coning in oil producing formations. Characterization of fractured reservoirs.

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Steady and unsteady state single phase flow equations through porous media, steady and unsteady superposition. Multiphase flow through porous media. Reservoir characterization in homogeneous and heterogeneous reservoirs by pressure and tracer testing.
Prerequisite: PNGE343.

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Principles and operation of gamma ray, self potential, caliper, resistivity (micro and focused), density neutron, sonic, cement bond and variable density, dipmeter and production well logging tools. Interpretation of well log and their crossplotting techniques. Determination of formation properties such as porosity, hydrocarbon saturation, lithology, zone thickness, shaliness, etc. Guidelines to select proper logs in given field conditions.

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A minimum of four weeks (20 working days) of summer practice is obligatory to fulfill the requirements for the B.Sc. degree. The second practice is for production and/or reservoir engineering after the third year of undergraduate education. The training is based on the content of the summer practice manual.

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Estimation of reserves. Optimization of production rate. Maximizing the oil recovery within economic limits. Investment required for exploration and development of oil gas fields. Investment required for improved recovery processes. Operating cost. Taxes, prices and depreciation. Profit analysis.

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Review of petroleum industry from l859 when it was discovered by Drake in Pennsylvania, USA, up to and including early 1980`s when the world economic structure survived the `second oil price shock.` Role of oil in international economics and politics, its vital importance in the Middle East and North Africa for the Western and Eastern economical and political systems. Economical and political results of developments. A brief survey of the structure of oil market.

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Development and use of design methodology, formulation of design problem statements and specifications, consideration of alternate solutions, feasibility, considerations. Development of student creativity by using open ended problems. Project engineering and management of engineering projects. Design of drilling projects.

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Continuation of PNGE 417.
Prerequisite: PNGE417.

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Origin and detection of abnormal formation pressures. Principles of pressure control: behavior of gas in drilling fluids, mechanics of bubble rise. Pressure control methods: driller, engineer, concurement and low choke pressure methods. Prediction methods for fracture pressure gradient. Drilling and completion concepts in overpressured formations. Pressure control equipments. Special problems.

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Coring; core barrel types. Fishing; differential sticking, freepoint detection, string-shot back-off taps and die collars, spears and overshots, washover pipe, cutters. Measurement while drilling.

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Clay mineralogy and colloid chemistry of muds. Rheology and filtration properties of drilling fluids. Annual performance calculations. Composition of water base muds. Inhibitive and low solid muds. Theory of emulsion and foam. Composition of oil base and pneumatic drilling fluids. Solids control. Hole stability. Problems related to drilling fluids. Differential sticking, lost circulation and corrosion.

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Solution procedure for oil wells and injection wells. Nodal analysis as applied to gas wells, gravel-packed oil and gas wells and a standard perforated well. Special pipeline problems. Production optimization for a complete ocean-floor optimization. Applying production optimization to a complete field integrated oil-production system.

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Acidizing: carbonate and sandstone acidizing. Diverting agents: history and application. Fracturing; principles of hydraulic fracturing, planning a fracturing treatment (data gathering), fluid design, perforation design, breakdown design, design of a fracturing treatment, post-job evaluation. Re-fracturing. Fracture acidizing.

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Definition of petroleum reservoir heterogeneity using conventional methods and possible improvements to these methods. Review of basic statistical concepts and methods. Reservoir Rock and Fluid Property Evaluation by Statistical Methods. Scale-up and Simulator Data Preparation. Emerging Methods in Petroleum Reservoir Characterization. Case studies from oil industry.

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Analytical solution to diffusivity equation and basis for pressure transient test analysis. Skin and wellbore storage concepts. Pressure buildup and flow tests. Estimating average drainage area pressure. Type curves as diagnostic tools and as an analysis technique. Analysis of well tests in hydraulically fractured wells. Well test behavior in naturally fractured reservoirs. Multiple well testing, interference and pulse tests. Well test design.

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Steady and unsteady state single phase flow equations through porous media, steady and unsteady superposition. Multiphase flow through porous media. Reservoir characterization in homogeneous and heterogeneous reservoirs by pressure and tracer testing.

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Immiscible fluid displacement mechanisms. The fractional flow formula. The rate of advance formula. Stabilized zone concept. Mechanisms and performance calculations of waterflooding and immiscible gas injection. Improved waterflooding methods. Miscible injection methods. Thermal methods: Hot water, steam and in-situ combustion. Field design parameters.

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Basic principles of mathematical modeling. Finite difference/finite element form of equations that govern single and multiphase flow through porous media. Characteristics of finite difference/finite element equations. Solution strategy techniques of originating matrix problems. Data evaluation in simulation problems. Case studies.

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Applications of mass, heat and momentum balances to fluid flow problems. Shell balances. Non-Newtonian fluids. Transport processes in porous media.

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Fluid flow and heat transport through porous media. Definition of thermal EOR methods. Hot water injection, steam injection, steam override, steam additives, case histories. Insitu combustion, wet combustion, superwet combustion. Combustion reaction in porous media. Case histories.

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Classification of geothermal reservoirs, distribution and characteristics of geothermal resources. Physical aspects of hydrothermal systems. Assessment of geothermal resources. Well completion and warm-up, measurements during drilling; temperature log, the completion tests, pressure log. Flow testing. Well performance.

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Scaling impact in geothermal systems; geofluid-CO2-mineral interactions in reservoirs; geothermal fluids and gases; kinetic rate laws; reactive transport; solution theory and thermodynamics; aqueous geochemical modeling exercises using computer programs to perform a wide variety of aqueous geochemical calculations.

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The origin and characteristics of natural gas. The purification and liquefaction of natural gas. Natural gas transmission and distribution.

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Properties of natural gases, hydrate formation. Estimation of gas reserves. Gas well testing. Estimation of gas deliverability. Gas flow measurement. Natural gas deliverability. Natural gas transmission, design of gathering systems. Field treating and processing of natural gas. Compressor horsepower requirement.

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Aspects of energy related to gas storage, degree day concept, base load, peak load. Properties of gas storage reservoirs, aquifer storage, salt cavern storage. Design, development and operation of storage fields.

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Reviewing unconventional oil and gas resources, the emerging technologies to develop these resources and their global potential. Understanding unconventional resources from the perspective of drilling, completion, stimulation,production and reservoir.Overview of project economics and the effects on global hydrocarbon market and environment

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A research activity of one semester duration on selected topics in petroleum and natural gas engineering. Each student, as a member of project group is assigned a project topic which involves experimental and/or mathematical modeling (analytical or numerical) studies.

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These code numbers will be for technical elective courses which are not listed regularly in the catalog. The course contents will be announced before the semester commences.

Course Content

These code numbers will be for technical elective courses which are not listed regularly in the catalog. The course contents will be announced before the semester commences.

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Techniques used in underbalanced drilling (UBD) and their applications. Well Design. Types of driling fluids, flow drilling, mud cap drilling. Underbalanced completions and cementing.

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Importance of pipelines: pipelines as element of infrastructure, economical comparison of pipelines with other transportation systems, safety of pipelines, transportation tasks and dimensioning of pipelines, profitability investigation of pipelines. Planning and designing pipelines: right of way, pipelines, stations, and execution of pipeline projects. Calculation of pipelines: pressure losses and flow rates, energy demand, pressure surge calculations, pipe strength calculations. Line pipes and fittings: line pipe materials, fabrication of line pipes, fittings, line pipe testing and inspection. Construction works and corrosion protection of pipelines.

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Fundamentals of oil and gas flow though production tubings and pipelines. Prediction of flow pattern transition boundaries, flow characteristics and determination of pressure drop. Analysis of flow characteristics for different inclination systems. Application of most widely used two-phase flow models.

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Basic Principles of Occupational Health and Safety. Descriptive Terminologies. Legislative References Such as ILO Labor Standards, European Directives and Turkish Laws. Modern Occupational Health and Safety Approach on Employment and Workplace Risk Management. Types of Workplace Hazards. Universal Definitions of Risk and Risk Assessment. Risk Assessment Techniques. Prevention of Major Accident s Techniques. Health and Safety Management.

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Program of research leading to M.S. degree, arranged between student and a faculty member. Students register to this course in all semesters starting from the beginning of their fall/spring semester while the research program or write-up of thesis is in progress. (F&S)*

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Review of basic concepts related to Newtonian fluid flow. Rheology of drilling fluids. Introduction to non-Newtonian fluid flow. Hydraulic design. Conventional and polymer muds. Maximum hydraulic horse power and maximum hydraulic impact concepts in bit hydraulic optimization. (AF)

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Investigation of field processing, transmission and storage of petroleum. Multi-stage, low temperature and desiccant processes of separation of gas, oil and two-phase flow systems. Petroleum fluid storage and allied problems. (AF)

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Differencing schemes for the partial differential equations which govern single phase flow in porous media. Grid design, type and boundary conditions. Solution methods. (F)

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Classification of geothermal systems. Physical process and conceptual models. Equations of motion and energy. Equations of state. Modeling methods; decline-curve analysis, lumped-parameter models, distributed-parameter models. Natural-state modeling. Exploitation modeling. Injection modeling. (AF)

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Pilot tests. Well patterns for field development. Well spacing. Waterflood pilot design. Selection of potential flooding patterns. Injection rates. Estimation of waterflood performance. In situ combustion pilot design. Evaluation of pilot performance. Steam injection pilot design. CO2 injection pilot design. (S)

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Structure and properties of porous materials, steady and unsteady flow of homogenous fluids. Simultaneous flow of immiscible fluids. Flow with change of phase. Miscible flow. (F)

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Chemical and physical properties of oil shales, occurrence of oil shales and bituminous sands, oxidation, combustion and gasification of oil shales, in-situ or surface recovery methods for extracting oil.

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Mathematical analysis of multiphase flow in porous and permeable media. Case studies. Recent developments.

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Pressure-volume-temperature relationships for liquid and gas hydrocarbons. Laboratory results and empirical correlations. Phase behavior of field hydrocarbons with CO2, N2 and other cases. (F)

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Inflow relationships for oil and gas wells. IPR curves for fractured wells. Multiphase flow in pipes. Nodal system analysis applied to injection wells, gravel packed oil and gas wells and standard perforated well. Production optimization to a complete field-integrated oil production systems. Production optimization for a complete ocean-floor optimization. (S)

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Energy in the rest of the century. Mapping the critical gap between supply and demand. Decline in the oil area, world wide petroleum supply limits. Review of other sources of energy, coal, nuclear, hydroelectrical, geothermal, solar, other renewable, and unconventional sources. Environment and climate. Energy conservation and pricing. (F)

Course Content

Concept of crude oil as raw material in petro-chemical industry. Testing of crudes. Separation of petroleum into fractions by physical methods. Thermal cracking and catalytic cracking of petroleum crudes. Classification of petroleum chemicals according to source: C1,C2, C3, C4, C5 and higher hydrocarbon derivatives. Derivatives of synthesis gas. (AF)

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Fundamentals in instrumental techniques based on electromagnetic radiation, electrochemistry and diffusion. Modern methods of engineering measurements as applied to petroleum engineering. (R)

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Development and application of mathematical techniques to solve partial differential equations of steady state flow in porous media. (S)

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First order ODE; derivation of Dupuit-Thiem equation with and without skin effect; second order ODE; Boltzmann transformation; separation of variables; derivation of line source solution; series solutions of differential equations; logarithmic (Jacob`s) approximation; Laplace transform; line source solution using LT; linearity and superposition principle; convolution; wellbore storage; bounded reservoir solution with eigenfunction expansion and LT; hydraulically fractured well with LT; deconvolution.

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Optimum search methods, linear programming, nonlinear programming, dynamic programming application to history matching. (AS)

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Material balance techniques for volumetric gas reservoirs. Geo-pressured gas reservoirs. Flow of natural gas in pipelines. Gas flow measurement. Gas well testing, pseudo-functions, buildup and flow tests. Gas well deliverability testing. Flow after flow, isochronal and modified isochronal tests. Long term performance prediction for gas wells. (S)

Course Content

Analysis of an oil field using all Petroleum Engineering tools. Reservoir description and analysis using field data. Prediction of future performance for solution gas drive reservoirs. Material balance techniques with field examples. (AF)

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The research methodology, ethical principles and challanges. The elements of the research process within quantitative, qualitative and mixed approaches are presented. Engineering ethical principles, philosophy and issues encountered in mining engineering will be dealth.

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Papers are prepared and presented by graduate students on scientific topics of general interest in their fields. Each paper is followed by a round table discussion participated in by the students and members of Faculty. (F/S)

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Program of research leading to Ph.D. degree, arranged between student and a faculty member. Students register to this course in all semesters starting from the beginning of their fall/spring semester while the research program or write-up of thesis is in progress. (F&S)

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Ph.D. students study and present a current topic under the guidance of a faculty member. Each paper is followed by a round table discussion participated in by the Ph.D. students and members of Faculty.

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This course will examine the global oil market from international economic and political/strategic perspective. It will use both functional and regional approaches to fully grasp the essence of the global oil market. It starts with the examination of international economic theory from the perspective of trade, and finance. This will be followed by a general examination of world oil and gas resources within the context of global energy balance. The course also examines macro-economic aspects of international oil management, such as, domestic petroleum price smoothing and oil fund management. The global actor of world oil market, OPEC, will also be analyzed from historical and contemporary perspectives. Basic concepts of oil economics and finance, a brief survey of the structure of oil market, the issue of Dutch Disease or the role of oil in economic development, effect of oil shocks on individual and global macro economy will also be covered. Apart from the functional issues the role of Middle East, Russian and Caspian oil for global economy will also be examined.

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Course Content

Course Content

MATLAB; introduction to geodesy; magnetic and gravity surveys; introduction to GIS and GNSS; GRASS; introduction to RS and Radiation; fundamentals of RADAR and LIDAR; interferometry; integration of geospatial technologies for petroleum engineering topics; monitoring of surface deformation in reservoirs by interferometric measurements, monitoring of oil spills with remote sensing; surveillance and management of pipelines with remote sensing; monitoring surface CO2 leakages

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Review of global energy trends, energy-environment interactions, importance of technology an learning in oil and gas investments, energy efficiency concept and applications, overview of Turkish oil and gas policy, Turkish energy policy for conventional and renewable energy resources, taking investment decisions in the oil and gas sector.

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This course is constructed from seminars that will be organised by Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. The seminars will cover technical, cultural, social and educational issues to prepare the graduate students following the PhD programs.