Course Content

Basic concepts of the mineral industry. Mining terminology. Basic exploration, development, production and concentration methods. Mine valuation. A brief knowledge of mine haulage, mine explosives, mine supports, mine plants and equipment. Mine ventilation, lighting, drainage. Subjects are given to prepare the students for advanced courses.

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Mine development procedure and equipment. Factors affecting the choice of a method. Underground metal and coal mining methods. Supports and exploitation machinery. One or two visits to operating underground metalliferous or coal mines will be made and reports about visits will be prepared.

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Emphasis is given to surface mining methods applied to coal seams and metalliferous deposits. Cut-off limits. Factors affecting selection of mining methods. Types of machinery used in modern mining operations. Equipment selection techniques. Sample problem solutions. One or two visits to operating surface metalliferous or coal mines will be made, reports about visits will be prepared.

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A minimum of 4 weeks (20 working days) of practical training in an area where unit operations of mining engineering are performed. With the prior approval of the summer practice sites by the department, student complete their training at one of the following areas: Underground mining, surface mining, mineral processing or any related operations.

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Engineering principles and applications of electrical power, compressed air, hydraulic systems as utilized in mining, with design of systems.

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Objectives and scope of mineral processing; Preparation of ores for concentration (ore handling, comminution, screening and classification); Metallurgical accounting.

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Methods of separation; principles and equipment used in the beneficiation processes such as ore sorting, gravity concentration, heavy medium separation, froth flotation, magnetic and electrostatic separation. Dewatering (thickening, filtration and drying). Water management and conservation in mineral processing: Management of process tailings and effluents of mineral processing plants. Visit to an operating concentration plant.

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Measurement of horizontal distances, angles and directions. Theodolite surveying. Surface and underground traversing, triangulation. Correlation of surface and underground surveys. Differential and profile leveling; cross-sections and volume calculations; underground leveling; area with planimeter. Setting out curves, direction and gradients. Dip and fault problems. Shaft pillar calculations.

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Stress and strain analysis; introductory elasticity; mechanical behavior of rock and rock masses; rock testing; discontinuity deformation and slip; failure; in-situ state of stress; stresses around underground openings; rock mass classification; support design.

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Principles of rock penetration. Rock-bit interactions. Indentation and dragging. Specific energy. Prediction of penetration rate. Types of drilling and drill-bits. Machine selection. Theory of rock fragmentation by explosives. Commercial explosives, properties and selection. Initiating systems. Surface and underground blast design. Estimation of costs. Environmental effects of blasting.

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An introduction to the system analysis. Concepts and methods of system analysis organized around decision-making situations encountered in the mining industry. Development and solution of mathematical models for ore blending, mine transport, resource allocation, mine planning problems. Case studies and computer application for mine system analysis.
Prerequisite: MATH219

Course Content

This is a complementary course to MINE 300. Students are required to complete MINE 400 in a professional area not covered in MINE 300. A minimum of 4 weeks (20 working days) of practical training in an area where unit operations of mining engineering are performed. With the prior approval of the summer practice sites by the department, students complete their training at one of the following areas: Underground mining, surface mining, mineral processing or any related operations

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Concept of mine valuation, appraisal and feasibility. Mineral inventory and reserve estimation. Revenue and cost concepts and procedures in the mineral industry. Economic evaluation techniques and depletion, taxation, inflation and finance for mining investment proposals.

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Introduction to legal requirements for tailings and effluent disposal. Characterization of tailings. Tailings disposal methods. Tailings embankment design. Effluent treatment methods, acid mine drainage management.

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Uses, specifications, preparation and benefication of industrial minerals and rocks. Development of flowsheets and equipment used in the benefication processes.

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Each group of students will be given a metallic, nonmetallic or coal deposit and requested to characterize the deposit, estimate the reserves, select a mining method to operate the mine, determine the mining layout, schedule the production, select the equipment, design the support, blasting, transportation, ventilation, and water drainage systems, prepare a layout for surface plants and conduct a feasibility project from a technical, economical, environmental and social perspectives.

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Purpose and historical review of mine ventilation. Review of some elementary thermodynamics. Brief information about psychrometry. Airflow through roadways and ducts. Mechanical ventilation, fans. Natural ventilation, ventilation layout and network analyses. Ventilation surveys and measurements. Auxiliary ventilation. Planning and economics of mine ventilation.

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Mass transport systems in mining. Fundamentals of pressurized fluid flow. Slurry transportation and design concepts. Principles of in-pit crushing-conveying systems; mine locomotives, hoists, rope haulage systems and their design.

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Discontinuity survey and hemispherical projection; kinematic analysis; shear behavior of joints; rock slope stability analysis for plane, wedge and toppling failures; stability of blasted rock and waste dumps; slope monitoring and stabilization; surface loads on discontinuous rocks and bearing capacity.

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The course is designed to eguip students with the ability to identify hazards in mining industry, to evaluate risks and to implement health and management systems in mining. This course also enables students to recognize engineering ethics principles and relate them to mining practices including mine health and safety.

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Basic economical concepts in investment projects, planning, project statistics, forecast for demand, computation of project cost, quick means of calculation of capital investment cost, determining the cost of materials to be produced. Project implementation (time planning, CPM, PERT). Management decision making, the executive roles of manager, managerial economics.

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Concepts related to environmental management with a focus on mine reclamation and closure, social license to operate, legal aspects related to mining and environment, environmental impact assessment, mine wide monitoring, management of tailings and effluents and wastes, best environmental practices in mining and economic analysis of environmental applications in mining.

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Appraisal of ores and the methods of separation in terms of technical and economic requirements. Ore testing procedures. Development and quantification of process flowsheets. Equipment selection and sizing. Cost estimation and economic evaluation. Social and environmental assessment of the concentration processes. Preliminary feasibility study of mineral processing plant for a specific ore. Implementation of the plant design and relevant activities as group projects.

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Engineering ethics and philosophy, theories about morality, dilemmas, codes of ethics. Mining law.

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Origin of coal. Composition and origin of mineral matter in coal. Classification of coals. Coal petrography. Physical properties of coal. Fine and coarse size cleaning of coal. Physical desulphurization of coal. Coal blending. Agglomeration of coal fines. Analysis of coal.

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Field tests and measurements; numerical modeling techniques; discontinuities and underground structures; rock bursts; stability of stopes, pillars, mine roadways, and longwall faces; rock-support interaction analysis; rock support and reinforcement; subsidence.

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Legal aspects of labor protection, safety laws and regulations. Ergonomics approach to health and safety. Industrial environment. Statistical and economical analyses using accident injury experience data, cost of accident, modern accident preventing techniques, human factor in health and safety, industrial training.

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Introduction to the concept of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Mining Engineering; History and development of LCA methodologies and standards; Stages of LCA analysis: goal definition, scoping, inventory assessment, impact analysis, improvement analysis, reporting; Sources of data, boundary selection and uncertainty; Relationship between LCA, mining design for environment and other environmental management tools.
Prerequisites: ES 303.

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Program of research leading to M.S. degree arranged between student and a faculty member. Students register to this course in all semesters starting from the beginning of their first semester while the research program or write-up of thesis is in progress.

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Recent developments in underground and surface mining; mine design; equipment selection; mine planning and scheduling; case studies.

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Advanced study of network analysis techniques, computer programming applications. Mine ventilation planning and economics. Remote control system in mine ventilation. Sources of heat and moisture in mines. The physiological and psychological effects of heat acclimatization, heat stress, heat stroke etc.

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Study of properties of air and vapor mixtures. Psychrometric charts. Graphical representation of psychrometric processes. Thermodynamic approach to mine ventilation. The complete ventilation cycle. Refrigeration in mines. Refrigeration systems, cooling towers.

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Bacterial leaching. Preparation of ores, growing and inoculation of bacteria, leaching techniques, parameters in bacterial leaching. Recovery of metals from leach liquors. Seminars on selected topics by students.

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Selected mineral processing plants in Turkey. History of development, feasibility studies, flowsheets of the plants. Field trips to the plants sites; problems of industrially operated mineral processing plants.

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Phases in flotation; binding, adsorption at solid and liquid surfaces; electrical properties of surfaces in relation to flotation; classification of flotation reagents and their uses; detailed information for the flotation of sulfides, oxides, silicates and non-polar minerals.

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Development of new methods and equipments for treatment of ores; e.g., selective flocculation and flotation, progress in magnetic separation. Seminars by students on selected topics in advanced treatment of ores.

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Properties of coal and impurities in relation to preparation; sampling of coal; coal characteristics and their relationship to utilization; washability studies and evaluation of coal for different uses; the economics of coal preparation; raw coal handling, breaking and crushing; screening, wet concentration methods of coarse coal; dry concentration; mechanical and thermal dewatering.

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Statistical techniques for process analysis; development and analysis of empirical and mechanistic models of unit operations in mineral processing; material balancing; process analysis by computer simulation.

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Application of surface and colloid chemistry to mineral processing systems. Surface and interfacial tensions, thermodynamics of surfaces, adsorption from solution, wetting. The electrical double layer and electrokinetic phenomena. Colloidal systems, van der Waals attraction, mechanisms and kinetics of coagulation and flocculation.

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An advanced study of the theories of rock penetration including percussion, rotary and rotary-percussion drilling and rock fragmentation including explosives and the theories of rock blasting practice in mines, pits and quarries.

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A review of chemical thermodynamics; ionic activity coefficient; equilibrium constants; hydrolysis, precipitation and dissolution in mineral process aqueous systems; principles of electrochemistry construction and use of Eh-pH diagrams; aqueous corrosion.

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Theoretical and practical aspects of extracting ores under in-situ environments regarding mining economics and ore evaluation; elements of leaching phase, including mining preparation of ores; practical aspects of in-situ leaching; reagents and their regenerations and recovery of metals from leach liquor; classroom studies on specific problems as individual or group projects.

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Basic design concepts; design of tunnels and large underground excavations such as underground rooms, water treatment plants, civil defense chambers, hydraulic power stations, sports and public facilities and factories.

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In-situ strength, deformation and stress, measurement of permeability, ground water; pressure instrumentation and monitoring techniques used in tunneling; large underground excavations, slopes, open pits and underground mines; measurement of accelerations due to large blasts or earthquakes.

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Direction cosines and stresses on discontinuity planes from geological data. Boundary value problems and elasticity solutions in rock mechanics. Anisotropic elasticity and determination of elastic constants for discontinuous rocks. Computer applications in determining stresses and deformations around underground openings in discontinuous rock.

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Rock properties and constitutive behaviour. Anisotropy and rock strength. Constitutive behaviour of rock discontinuities. Analytical and numerical modeling of mechanical behaviour of rock and discontinuities. Failure around large underground chambers and tunnels; effects of rock discontinuities and pore pressure. Rock foundations, stability of foundations on jointed and bedded rock.

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Principles, methods and applications of several instruments of mineral processing. Electrophoresis, goniometer, surface tensiometer, Hallimond tube, BET apparatus, specific surface area measurements.

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Strata control practice and design; evaluation of rock mass behaviour in underground openings; design of mine shafts and mine pillars, support design in mine roadways and longwall faces. Design projects and presentations.

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Economic and planning considerations; basic mechanics of slope failure; geological data collection and graphical presentation of this data; shear strength of rock; ground water flow, permeability and pressure. Plane failure. Wedge failure. Toppling failure. Miscellaneous topics.

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History and overview of mine health and safety; industrial hygiene in mining; control of respirable dust; noise; ground control issues for safety professionals; mine fires and explosions; mining explosives; haulage; electrical safety; emergency preparedness and response; job safety analysis, task analysis and observation; safety communications, incident reporting and analysis; management strategy and system for education and training and engineering for health and safety in mining.

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The theory of spatially correlated random variables and variogram functions. Minimum variance unbiased estimation (kriging) to solve decision making problems in exploration, resource evaluation, and production. Each student is given a simulated deposit and required to calculate the reserves and prepare a production plan using geostatistics.

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Systems, models, and nature of simulation. Discrete-event, continuous, combined discrete-continuous, and Monte Carlo simulation. Simulation languages. Simulation of inventory and single-server queuing systems. Extension to multi-server systems in mining. Selecting input probability distributions. Output data analysis. Validation.

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The research methodology, ethical principles and challenges. The elements of the research process within quantitative, qualitative and mixed approaches are presented. Engineering ethical principles, philosophy and issues encountered in mining engineering will be dealt.

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Papers prepared and presented by graduate students on topics of general interest in their fields. Each paper is followed by a round table discussion participated by students and members of faculty. (F&S)

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Program of research leading to Ph.D. degree arranged between student and a faculty member. Students register to this course in all semesters starting from the beginning of their first semester while the research program or write-up of thesis is in progress.

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Each graduate student is required to thoroughly review the literature around the topic given by his/her supervisor and demonstrate ability to read, interpret and discuss the academic literature. The actively participation of all registered students and staff is also required.

Course Content